Minerals from Pakistan
Pakistan Gem minerals

In relatively recent times, Pakistan became more and more important as a source of gem minerals for collection. The pegmatites of the northern area of Pakistan furnished and continue to furnish gem minerals specimens of absolute quality and of an absolute aesthetic value, among them we can remember aquamarine, tourmaline,  emerald, fluorite, axinite,  sphene, zircon, peridot, epidote,  actinolite, red spinel, sapphire,  ruby, topaz, garnet, diopside, vesuvianite,   apatite,  rutile,

The mineralisations are generally associate to pegmatites in granite rocks that develop in the upper part of the Indus valley complex, composed by three mountain ranges: Himalaya, Hindu Kush and Karakoram. These mountains formed as result of the collision between India and Asia plates .
The pegmatites are generally composed of feldspar (albite and microcline), quartz, biotite, muscovite and tourmaline.
. Here below some of the mineral gems of Pakistan:
Aquamarine: Aquamarine is one of the most famous minerals from Pakistan. The associations with muscovite and other pegmatite gems are very aesthetic and the crystals are well shaped. Dusso and Gilgit are the most famous localities. 
Topaz: crystals in pegmatites in Gilgit and Skardu Districts. Topaz colors are yellowish brown, golden color, honey-yellow, and champagne. Pink topaz is another variety found in Katlang,  Northern Pakistan, unique in the world.
Peridot: the gem variety of olivine. Peridot is found in serpentine rocks at Sapat, Naran. Color range is from light green to deep yellow green.
Emerald: in the talc-carbonate schist in Swat, normally opaque and not of excellent quality
Ruby: Ruby are found in Kashmir and in a marble belt in Hunza Valley.  The well formed crystals are pink to a fine red in color.
Tourmaline: Tourmaline includes elbaite, shorl, indicolite and the rare red variety, rubellite. The most aesthetic samples show more than one color. The best samples are found  in the Gilgit and Skardu areas.

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